Rheological changes in melts and magmas induced by crystallization and strain rate

This review highlights the rheological and phase proportions variation induced by cooling events from superliquidus temperature (melt) to subliquidus temperatures. It provides a comprehensive view of the rheological response of magmatic systems undergoing dynamic cooling and shear deformation. The two main parameters which are of importance to model the rheological properties of such crystallizing systems and which are simultaneously poorly investigated so far are crystallization and strain rates. The response to relatively high deformation rates results in shear thinning behavior in partly crystallized systems under variable shear rate and it should be considered in magmatic processes. Due to the sluggish crystallization of SiO2-rich melts, data are mainly available for mafic systems, which does not allow a general reappraisal. An attempt to model available literature data for less evolved systems in dynamic scenarios and a comparison with MELTS algorithm approach (thermodynamic equilibrium conditions) is provided. Since there are difficulties in comparing experimental data gained using different methodologies, we focus mainly on data obtained with the concentric cylinder technique. This highlights the fact that a general experimental protocol is needed in order to compare and model viscosity data to predict the dynamic rheological evolution for volcanic rocks. © Académie des sciences, Paris and the authors, 2022. Some rights reserved

Solubility of C-O-H mixtures in natural melts: new experimental data and application range of recent models

The effect of pressure, temperature, and melt composition on CO2 and H2O solubilities in aluminosilicate melts, coexisting with CO2-H2O fluids, is discussed on the basis of previously published and new experimental data. The datasets have been chosen so that CO2 and H2O are the main fluid components and the conclusions are only valid for relatively oxidizing conditions. The most important parameters controlling the solubilities of H2O and CO2 are pressure and composition of melt and fluid. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on volatile solubilities is relatively small. At pressures up to 200 MPa, intermediate compositions such as dacite, in which both molecular CO2 and carbonate species can be dissolved, show higher volatile solubilities than rhyolite and basalt. At higher pressures (0.5 to 1 GPa), basaltic melts can incorporate higher amounts of carbon dioxide (by a factor of 2 to 3) than rhyolitic and dacitic melts. Henrian behavior is observed only for CO2 solubility in equilibrium with H2O-CO2 fluids at pressures < 100 MPa, whereas at higher pressures CO2 solubility varies nonlinearly with CO2 fugacity. The positive deviation from linearity with almost constant CO2 solubility at low water activity indicates that dissolved water strongly enhances the solubility Of CO2. Water always shows non-Henrian solubility behavior because of its complex dissolution mechanism (incorporation of OH-groups and H2O molecules in the melt). The model of Newman and Lowenstern (2002), in which ideal mixing between volatiles in both fluid and melt phases is assumed, reproduces adequately the experimental data for rhyolitic and basaltic compositions at pressures below 200 MPa but shows noticeable disagreement at higher pressures, especially for basalt. The empirical model of Liu et al. (2004) is applicable to rhyolitic melts in a wide range of pressure (0-500 MPa) and temperature (700-1200 degrees C) but cannot be used for other melt compositions. The thermodynamic approach of Papale (1999) allows to calculate the effect of melt composition on volatile solubilities but needs an update to account for more recent experimental data. A disadvantage of this model is that it is not available as a program code. The review indicates a crucial need of new experimental data for scarcely investigated field of pressures and fluid compositions and new models describing evident non-ideality of H-C-O fluid solubility in silicate melts at high pressures

Geochemistry and preliminary Sr-Nd isotopic data on the Neoproterozoic granitoids from the Bantoum area, west Cameroon: evidence for a derivation from a Paleoproterozoic to Archaean crust

The Bantoum area in west Cameroon is composed of migmatitic gneisses associated with parallel strips of amphibolites,quartz-monzonites,biotite-granites, two-mica leucogranites and granitic dikes.Quartz-monzonites are metaluminous (A/CNK=0.8-0.9)I-type,biotite-granites are peraluminous (A/CNK=1.0-1.10)I-type, leucogranites are peraluminous (A/CNK=1.14)S-type granitoids.All are hyper-potassic rocks defining a calc-alkaline trend.Quartz-monzonites gave an Rb-Sr isochron age of 720+-61 Ma assumed to be a mixing age.The thermometry estimated from major elements and zircon saturation indicate that the biotite-granites crystallized from high temperature melts (812-866゜C) whereas leucogranites crystallized from low temperature melts (719-745゜C). The trace element distribution diagrams are characterized by an enrichment in LILE and LREE (5<La_N/Sm_N<17),with negative Nb,Ta,Sr and Ti anomalies. Model initial ^87Sr/^86 Sr ratios (620 Ma)are 0.707614-0.708363 for quartz-monzonites,0.711242-0.713784 for biotite-granites,and 0.715835 for leucogranites.They have highly negative ε_Nd (620 Ma)(-19~-11) and T_DM model ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.9 Ga. These geochemical and isotopic features imply that the granites are generated at different temperatures and from different crustal materials;they are the witnesses of the recycling of a Paleoproterozoic to Archean crust with minor inputs of juvenile magmas during the Pan-African orogeny. Chemical similarities between gneisses and some biotite-granites suggest that the partial melting of these gneisses may have contributed to the formation of granites

AMFORM, a new mass-based model for the calculation of the unit formula of amphiboles from electron microprobe analyses

In this work, we have studied the relationships between mass concentration and unit formula of amphibole using 114 carefully selected high-quality experimental data, obtained by electron microprobe (EMP) + single-crystal X‑ray structure refinement (SREF) ± secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses, of natural and synthetic Li-free monoclinic species belonging to the Ca and Na-Ca subgroups, and 75 Li-free and Mn-free C2/m end-members including oxo analogs of Ca amphiboles. Theoretical considerations and crystal-chemical driven regression analysis allowed us to obtain several equations that can be used to: (1) calculate from EMP analyses amphibole unit-formulas consistent with SREF±SIMS data, (2) discard unreliable EMP analyses, and (3) estimate WO2– and Fe3+ contents in Li-free C2/m amphiboles with relatively low Cl contents (≤1 wt%). The AMFORM approach mostly relies on the fact that while the cation mass in Cl-poor amphiboles increases with the content of heavy elements, its anion mass maintains a nearly constant value, i.e., 22O + 2(OH,F,O), resulting in a very well-defined polynomial correlation between the molecular mass and the cation mass per gram (R2 = 0.998). The precision of estimating the amphibole formula [e.g., TSi ± 0.02, CAl ± 0.02, A(Ca+Na+K) ± 0.04 apfu] is 2–4 times higher than when using methods published following the last IMA recommended scheme (2012). It is worth noting that most methods using IMA1997 recommendations (e.g., PROBE-AMPH) give errors that are about twice those of IMA2012-based methods. A linear relation between WO2– and the sum of C(Ti, Fe3+) and A(Na+K) contents, useful to estimate the iron oxidation state of highly oxidized amphiboles typical of post-magmatic processes, is also proposed. A step by step procedure (Appendix1 1) and a user-friendly spreadsheet (AMFORM.xlsx, provided as supplementary material1) allowing one to calculate amphibole unit-formulas from EMP analyses are presented. This work opens new perspectives on the unit-formula calculation of other minerals containing OH and structural vacancies (e.g., micas)

Melting processes and mantle sources of lavas on Mercury

peer reviewe

Improvement of Electron Probe Microanalysis of Boron Concentration in Silicate Glasses

The determination of low boron concentrations in silicate glasses by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) remains a significant challenge. The internal interferences from the diffraction crystal, i.e. the Mo-B4C large d-spacing layered synthetic microstructure crystal, can be thoroughly diminished by using an optimized differential mode of pulse height analysis (PHA). Although potential high-order spectral interferences from Ca, Fe, and Mn on the BKα peak can be significantly reduced by using an optimized differential mode of PHA, a quantitative calibration of the interferences is required to obtain accurate boron concentrations in silicate glasses that contain these elements. Furthermore, the first-order spectral interference from ClL-lines is so strong that they hinder reliable EPMA of boron concentrations in Cl-bearing silicate glasses. Our tests also indicate that, due to the strongly curved background shape on the high-energy side of BKα, an exponential regression is better than linear regression for estimating the on-peak background intensity based on measured off-peak background intensities. We propose that an optimal analytical setting for low boron concentrations in silicate glasses (≥0.2 wt% B2O3) would best involve a proper boron-rich glass standard, a low accelerating voltage, a high beam current, a large beam size, and a differential mode of PHA

Sulfur isotope fractionation between fluid and andesitic melt : an experimental study

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 142 (2014): 501-521, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.015.Glasses produced from decompression experiments conducted by Fiege et al. (2014a) were used to investigate the fractionation of sulfur isotopes between fluid and andesitic melt upon magma degassing. Starting materials were synthetic glasses with a composition close to a Krakatau dacitic andesite. The glasses contained 4.55 to 7.95 wt% H2O, ~140 to 2700 ppm sulfur (S), and 0 to 1000 ppm chlorine (Cl). The experiments were carried out in internally heated pressure vessels (IHPV) at 1030°C and oxygen fugacities (fO2) ranging from QFM+0.8 log units up to QFM+4.2 log units (QFM: quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer). The decompression experiments were conducted by releasing pressure (P) continuously from ~400 MPa to final P of 150, 100, 70 and 30 MPa. The decompression rate (r) ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 MPa/s. The samples were annealed for 0 to 72 h (annealing time, tA) at the final P and quenched rapidly from 1030°C to room temperature (T). The decompression led to the formation of a S-bearing aqueous fluid phase due to the relatively large fluid-melt partitioning coefficients of S. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to determine the isotopic composition of the glasses before and after decompression. Mass balance calculations were applied to estimate the gas-melt S isotope fractionation factor αg-m. No detectable effect of r and tA on αg-m was observed. However, SIMS data revealed a remarkable increase of αg-m from ~0.9985 ± 0.0007 at >QFM+3 to ~1.0042 ± 0.0042 at ~QFM+1. Noteworthy, the isotopic fractionation at reducing conditions was about an order of magnitude larger than predicted by previous works. Based on our experimental results and on previous findings for S speciation in fluid and silicate melt a new model predicting the effect of fO2 on αg-m (or Δ34S g-m) in andesitic systems at 1030°C is proposed. Our experimental results as well as our modeling are of high importance for the interpretation of S isotope signatures in natural samples (e.g., melt inclusions or volcanic gases).This project was supported by the German Science Foundation (BE1720/25-1 to H. Behrens), by the German National Academic Foundation, and by Collaborative Research Grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation (EAR-0838482 to C. W. Mandeville, EAR-0838436 to N. Shimizu, and EAR- 0838328 to K. A. Kelley)

Magmatische Kristalle : Mikroarchive vulkanischer Aktivität

Geowissenschaftler*Innen aus Hannover und Bochum gehen den Prozessen, die kurz vor einem Vulkanausbruch in Magmakammern ablaufen, auf den Grund. Basierend auf der Untersuchung magmatischer Minerale versuchen sie, die Dauer des Magmaaufstiegs zu bestimmen. Ziel ist es, den Zeitpunkt sowie Art und Stärke bevorstehender Eruptionen besser vorhersagen zu können